تغییر زمان افعال در گزارش سخن
معمولا وقتی یک جمله را به شکل گزارشی بیان می کنیم، زمان های افعال جمله را یک قدم به عقب بر می گردانیم. مانند:
She said, “I am tired.” = She said that she was tired.
.او گفت: “من خسته ام” = او گفت که خسته بود
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The phrase in Direct Speech عبارت در سخنرانی مستقیم |
Equivalent in Reported Speech عبارت در گفتار گزارش شده |
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| “I always drink coffee”, she said | She said that she always drank coffee. |
| “I am reading a book”, he explained. | He explained that he was reading a book |
| “Bill arrived on Saturday”, he said. | He said that Bill had arrived on Saturday. |
| “I have been to Spain”, he told me. | He told me that he had been to Spain. |
| “I had just turned out the light,” he explained. | He explained that he had just turned out the light. |
| They complained, “We have been waiting for hours”. | They complained that they had been waiting for hours. |
| “We were living in Paris”, they told me. | They told me that they had been living in Paris. |
| “I will be in Geneva on Monday”, he said. | He said that he would be in Geneva on Monday. |
| She said, “I’ll be using the car next Friday”. | She said that she would be using the car next Friday. |
زمان افعال در این شرایط تغییری نمی کند:
۱. هنگامی که فعل گزارشی در زمان حال اتفاق بیفتد.
He says he has missed the train but he’ll catch the next one.
او می گوید که قطار را از دست داده اما با بعدی می رسد.
۲. عبارت اصلی درباره ی چیزی باشد که هنوز حقیقت دارد.
We explained that it is very difficult to find our house.
ما توضیح دادیم که پیداکردن خانه ی ما خیلی سخت است.
نکته ای که باید به آن اشاره کنیم این است که افعال ناقص (Modal verbs) در سخنرانی مستقیم یا غیر مستقیم تغییری نمی کنند:
might, could, would, should, ought to
We explained, “It could be difficult to find our house.” = We explained that it could be difficult to find our house.
ما توضیح دادیم: “پیداکردن خانه ی ما می تواند سخت باشد.” = ما توضیح دادیم که پیدا کردن خانه ی ما می تواند سخت باشد.
She said, “I might bring a friend to the party.” = She said that she might bring a friend to the party.
او گفت: “امکان دارد دوستی را به مهمانی بیاورم.” = او گفت که امکان دارد دوستی را به مهمانی بیاورد.
اگر علاقه مند به مطالعه بیشتر در مورد دیگر مطالب سخنرانی هستید، اینجا کلیک کنید